RESUMO
Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are sustainable biofuel that can alleviate high oil costs and environmental impacts of petroleum-based fuel. A modified 1200 W high-efficiency food blender was employed for continuous transesterification of various refined vegetable oils and waste cooking oil (WCO) using sodium hydroxide as a homogeneous catalyst. The following factors have been investigated on their effects on FAME yield: baffles, reaction volume, total reactant flow rate, methanol-oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration and reaction temperature. Results indicated that the optimal conditions were: 2000 mL reaction volume, 50 mL/min total flow rate, 1% and 1.25% catalyst concentration for refined palm oil and WCO, respectively, 6:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio and 62-63 °C, obtaining yield efficiency over 96.5% FAME yield of 21.14 × 10-4 g/J (for palm oil) and 19.39 × 10-4 g/J (for WCO). All the properties of produced FAMEs meet the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. The modified household food blender could be a practical and low-cost alternative biodiesel production apparatus for continuous biodiesel production for small communities in remote areas.
RESUMO
An innovative seawater uranium adsorbent was prepared from the low-cost and commercially-available polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers. The optimum condition to synthesize the adsorbent was to irradiate the PAN fibers with 100 kGy gamma ray, amidoximate in 3 (w/v)% hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution for 75 min at 75 °C, yielding the PAN nitrile group conversion of approximately 60%. At 100 kGy, the degree of crystallinity of the irradiated fibers was also highest at 79.1%. The performances of the adsorbent in seawater samples were excellent. By submersion in the seawater sample spiked with 250 ppb of uranium for 4 weeks, the prepared fibers exhibited the adsorption capacity of 32.28 mg/g adsorbent. By submersion in seawater samples spiked with 76.5 ppm of uranium for 1 week and 945 ppm of uranium for up to 4 weeks, the fibers exhibited the adsorption capacities of 111.25 and 200.07 mg/g adsorbent, respectively. The adsorbent showed a uranium adsorption capacity of 0.11 mg/g adsorbent for 8 weeks of soaking in brine concentrate from a seawater reverse osmosis plant. The kinetics of seawater absorption by the adsorbent was quite rapid, reaching the equilibrium swelling ratio of approximately 300% in 5 min or less. Another important finding was that the prepared PAN fibers exhibit the characteristics of a superabsorbent material (equilibrium swelling ratio in DI water of 5,550%). The low cost and the ease of preparation of the fibers offer a novel environmental remediation process to adsorb uranium ions released into seawater following a nuclear accident.